Galley :
The ship’s kitchen. A brick hearth in the belly of a ship constructed of timber,
tar, canvas, and hempen rope. Because nobody wants to eat ship's biscuits all day every day.
Orlop :
The lowest deck before the bilges, the hold (on larger vessels these are separate)
Bilges :
The very lowest part of the hull interior, filled with rocks and other stuff for ballast.
Weather gage: (also weather gauge)
The most advantageous point of sail between two ships, typically in battle. If you hold the weather gage the wind is behind you, pretty much.
Poop (deck):
The aftmost (rearmost) and highest deck of a ship, where the helm (ship’s wheel) is located. In smaller ships it is absent, and the helm is located on the quarterdeck. In ships with a poop deck, the quarterdeck is afore the poop deck, and is the second-highest aft deck.
Windward:
Synonymous with weather (as in weather gage) at times, windward is the direction the wind is coming from. If you are on the windward side of something, it is toward where the wind is coming from. A more common term in use today is upwind. A ship coming from the windward direction is the ship that holds the weather gage.
Leeward:
The opposite of windward, also a’lee. When speaking of islands, the leeward side of the island is sheltered and protected, while the windward side carries the brunt of the weather.
Sheets:
Sheets are not sails, but part of the rigging! They are used to control the lower corners (clews) of a sail.
Shrouds:
Part of the standing (fixed) rigging of a tall ship, the shrouds support the masts. They can be seen prominently on the sides of a ship, symmetrically on both the port (larboard) and starboard sides. The shrouds contain ratlines which sailors use to climb the rigging.
Larboard (port):
Left, but relative at all times to the ship. Standing at the stern and looking forward, the larboard side is always the left side of the ship. Larboard is contemporary to the age of sail, while port is more modern.
Starboard :
Right, but relative as with larboard, at all times, to the ship.